The rationality and

instinct in art 

"The Drunkards", Diego Velázquez, c. 1629, oil on canvas, 127 cm × 163 cm, Prado Museum, Madrid.

until

By André Araújo Lima 01/08/2023

The clash between rationality and instinct in art establishes the fundamental basis of the theory present in Nietzsche's writings in "The Birth of Tragedy". He seeks to demonstrate that the notions about the Apollonian and Dionysian are the generating principles of the work of art. The dialectical relationship between the two, within the scope of artistic production, led the Greeks, "through a miraculous metaphysical act of will", in the author's words, to the creation of the Attic tragedy.

 A miraculosa manifestação desses dois princípios, explicitamente contraditórios através da tragédia grega, evidenciam em seus primórdios um estado de equilíbrio entre sonho, caracterizado pelo deus Apolo, e um estado de embriaguez, por assim dizer, correspondente ao deus Dioniso. Com a consequente sobrelevação do pensamento socrático nos anos posteriores ao apogeu da tragédia, com seu otimismo racionalista, esta será regada sobretudo pelo espírito apolíneo, pelo princípio da individuação e da medida.

Em Apolo o mundo onírico apresenta-se como uma realidade inerente às artes plásticas e à poesia. O deus plasmador figura a fantasia sobre o mundo real. A bela aparência contrapõe-se a realidade da existência, dotando de beleza contemplativa a vida através da arte. Nesse sentido o homem se destaca da natureza, confiante em sua posição frente a ela. Quer moldá-la porque age por si mesmo. Sua individualidade é sua meta e a natureza é seu pano de fundo. 

 

The transposition of this rational state, of the individual separated from the whole, occurs through Dionysian ecstasy when it takes hold of the human being, leading him to a state of self-forgetfulness, to a primordial one. Man and nature celebrate in unison the same existence: "man is no longer an artist, he has become a work of art. The artistic force of all nature for the delicious satisfaction of the primordial one reveals itself here under the thrill of drunkenness" (p. 31).

 

 A tragédia em sua origem apresenta-se, portanto, como a duplicidade manifesta artisticamente entre Apolo e Dioniso. As forças da natureza atingem através deles o ser humano. Indagado por questões acerca do destino dos homens, trazem à luz a legitimação da sua existência como algo suportável: "nos gregos a "vontade" queria, na transfiguração do gênio e do mundo artístico, contemplar-se a si mesma: para glorificar-se, suas criaturas precisavam sentir-se dignas de glorificação, precisavam rever-se numa esfera superior, sem que este mundo perfeito da introvisão atuasse como imperativo ou como censura."

(p. 38).



Nietzsche and the Apollonian and Dionysian forces of art

Nietzsche talks about the emergence of tragedy from the satirical chorus. The Dionysian dithyramb is the triggering action of the transfiguration of the principle of individuation towards primordial being. Instinctive strength guides the destiny of men, the wisdom of the satyr consoles the Hellene in his mildest and heaviest sufferings.

It is through the expansion of Socratic thought that that instinct, so dear to tragedians such as Homer and Sophocles, will disappear from the tragic genre, causing tragedy itself to disappear. "Virtue is knowledge" would say Socrates. The Apollonian character of Socratic philosophy had made Greek thought use its instincts in search of reason and the analysis of life. Dionysus dies, tragedy dies.

A arte aos poucos se transforma em diálogo filosófico, em um ideal em mostrar que felicidade só pode ser conquistada pelo conhecimento racional. Agora o herói deve ser lógico, pois aí reside sua virtuosidade. Seus conflitos insolúveis não buscam nada demonstrar de inteligível. A tragédia está vazia. A dialética suplanta a música, única alegria diante do aniquilamento individual. 


The end of the tragedy

When the Apollonian and Dionysian spirits disappear from Greek tragedy through the dominance of the Socratic spirit, man finds himself freed from moira (destiny), through reason he dominates the problems of existence, where not only the truth becomes rationalizable but also the art.

Still on the tragedy, we can go over a passage from Emile Cioran in his book Breviary of Decomposition when talking about the image of Christ and how beautiful it would be if He had not been resurrected, just crucified.

Conditions of the Tragedy

By Emile Cioran

If Jesus had ended his career on the cross and had not committed himself to resurrection, what a fine hero of tragedy he would have been! His divine side caused literature to lose an admirable theme. He thus shares the aesthetically mediocre lot of all the righteous. Like everything that is perpetuated in the hearts of men, like everything that is exposed to worship and does not die irremediably, it does not lend itself to this vision of a total end that marks a tragic destiny. For this to happen, it would have been necessary for no one to follow him and for the transfiguration not to elevate him to an illicit halo. Nothing more foreign to tragedy than the idea of redemption, salvation and immortality! The hero succumbs to his own actions, without being able to hide his death by a supernatural grace; it does not prolong – as existence – in any way, it remains distinct in the memory of men as a spectacle of suffering; by having no disciples, his fruitless destiny does not fertilize anything, except the imagination of others. Macbeth collapses without hope of rescue: there is no extreme unction in tragedy. The characteristic of a faith, even if it must fail, is to elude the irreparable. (What could Shakespeare do for a martyr?) The true hero fights and dies in the name of his destiny, not in the name of a belief. Its existence eliminates any idea of escape; the paths that do not lead to death result in dead ends; works on his “biography”; he cultivates his outcome and does everything possible, instinctively, to invent disastrous events. Since fatality is its lifeblood, any escape could only be an infidelity to its perdition. That is why the man of destiny never converts to any belief, whatever it may be: he would not achieve his end. And if he were immobilized on the cross, it would not be him who would raise his eyes to the sky: his own history is his only absolute, as his desire for tragedy is his only desire...



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LIMA, André Luiz de Araújo. A racionalidade e o instinto na arte, 2023. Disponível em: https://www.sonhosentrepedras.com.br/pt/a-racionalidade-e-o-instinto-na-arte. Acesso em .

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